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Cake day: June 27th, 2023

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  • To be fair, (I hate Nintendo because of their crusade on open source software), but to be fair,

    ps2 had issues on some Ps1 games, the list is short though, and the last few revisions of ps2 even software emulated Ps1 (don’t know the compatibility difference with hardware backwards compatibility)

    Ps3 had issues with even more ps2 games, and only the first few revisions had hardware backwards compatibility, the ps2 emulation on ps3 without hardware compatibility is a mess

    PS5 has issues with some ps4 games, including but not limited to psvr games, and I think I saw an official in incompatibility list by sony

    Wii backwards compatibility i dont know about any issues except with games that use hardware accessories, maybe someone knows more? Later revisions dropped backward compatibility, but the hardware is still present, and homebrew will help you.

    As for switch 2 to switch 1 backwards compatibility speculation, here is a educated guess. The asterisk is referring to lobo games and some other games with accessories. Why this speculative conclusion? Because of the way the hardware inside it works.

    The arm cpu can be optionally designed to be completely backwards compatible. But is it? (more on that soon). The gpu part of the SOC, is most certainly not 100% binary compatible, because of what we already know about the architecture changes between these gpu generations. This isn’t limited to arm and nvidia gpus, ps5 also has these issues with x86 jaguar to ryzen, and Radeon generations.

    So what about your experience with pc gpus, and cpus, and ps5 to ps4 compatibility etc? Well, emulation, the instructions, that are not compatible are emulated in software, this is common place, and in practice it works quite well. The main issue comes down to timing. Some things take different amount of time to do, like an instruction can take fewer cycles. Or if it’s emulated it can take more cycles. Emulation does work well, even if it often can have timing issues. Some times instructions from a future generation can possibly be emulated on your pc cpu. I can remember my friends computer using an installed windows driver, to emulate a future version of the SSE instruction set, I think it was SSE 2 or 2.1, it worked well enough to play VR games (oculus rift dev kit 1 days).

    Another issue is that when cpu makers deprecate instructions some times, but they do this in a quite annoying way, they can add a wait, so an instruction takes much longer to run than previous cpus.

    I’m not confident enough to talk in this detail about GPUs, because as we all experience, the high level compatibility api like directX or vulkan do all this all the time for us, and I don’t know graphics programming. But I do know this is more of an issue on consoles talking more directly to the hardware. But lots of switch games use vulkan so, those should TM work fine… But some games can also be programmed (intentionally like rogue squadron on GameCube, or unintentionally) to need an unintended or undocumented feature of the vulkan implementation on the switch, and those may or may not work on switch 2

    Nvidia also is responsible for the Cpu design, directly or indirectly. I don’t know how much they care about being as backwards compatible with the cpu instructions as possible though. Probsbly if Nintendo has anything to say about it, they can be 99.999% compatible, with only some timing issues, which may or may not affect games.

    So what is the conclusions? Of course this is speculation, and users have to test games, it will take years to know the full extent, but I think we will see near 100% compatibility for games that don’t need hardware accessories that are not compatible. If we exclude shovelware (low effort crap that somehow got into the eshop) maybe a couple to a handful of games will have big enough issues that they can’t be played. Maybe more games will have minor graphics issues, or things that look fine, but just slightly different to switch1









  • ziggurat@lemmy.worldtoScience Memes@mander.xyzLittle dude ATP
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    3 months ago

    Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) functions as the primary energy currency of the cell, enabling various biological processes. Here’s an explanation of how ATP works on a molecular level:

    Structure of ATP

    ATP is composed of three main components:

    1. Adenine: A nitrogenous base.

    2. Ribose: A five-carbon sugar molecule, which together with adenine forms adenosine.

    3. Three Phosphate Groups: Linked sequentially through high-energy bonds.

    Energy Storage and Release

    The key to ATP’s function lies in the high-energy bonds between its phosphate groups, particularly the bond between the second (beta) and third (gamma) phosphate groups.

    1. Hydrolysis of ATP:

    When ATP is hydrolyzed (reacts with water), it loses its terminal (gamma) phosphate group, releasing energy.

    The reaction is:

    ATP + H2O > ADP + Pi + Energy

    1. Energy Release:

    The hydrolysis of ATP releases about 30.5 kJ/mol (7.3 kcal/mol) of energy.

    This energy is used to perform cellular work, such as muscle contraction, active transport across cell membranes, and chemical synthesis.

    Mechanism of ATP Utilization

    1. Phosphorylation:

    ATP transfers its phosphate group to another molecule (a process called phosphorylation), making that molecule more reactive.

    This is often facilitated by enzymes known as kinases.

    1. Energy Coupling:

    Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions (reactions that require energy).

    For example, during muscle contraction, ATP hydrolysis provides the energy for the motor protein myosin to move along actin filaments.

    ATP Synthesis

    ATP is regenerated from ADP through cellular respiration, which consists of three main stages:

    1. Glycolysis: Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP.

    2. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): Further breakdown of metabolic products, generating electron carriers (NADH and FADH2).

    3. Oxidative Phosphorylation:

    Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred through the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

    This creates a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis via ATP synthase.

    ATP Synthase Function

    ATP synthase is a complex enzyme that synthesizes ATP from ADP and using the energy derived from the proton gradient.

    1. Proton Gradient: Protons flow back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase.

    2. Rotational Catalysis:

    The flow of protons causes the rotation of a part of ATP synthase.

    This mechanical energy drives the chemical synthesis of ATP from ADP and .

    In summary, ATP serves as a molecular battery, storing energy in its high-energy phosphate bonds and releasing it upon hydrolysis to fuel various cellular activities. Its synthesis and utilization are tightly regulated processes essential for life.











  • Yes, thankfully, working conditions, both at my employer and in the customers office were (are) very nice, so all I can do now is laugh at the situation in hindsight.

    In fact the worst part of working on this was that there were no deadlines, which makes every thing much harder with suspected adhd. Basically when things were working, and I wanted to make this better, I got new things to work on. But that is basically the customers perogative. I also like to pay for what I want and no more